Background
Andhra Pradesh ranks fourth in terms
of the nation's rice-growing area (3.98
million ha) but second in terms of rice
production (17.8 million tonnes) as of
2007. Paddy production during 1997-
98 to 2006-07 fluctuated from 12.8
million tonnes to 18.7 million tonnes.
Paddy productivity (4.48 t ha-1) is also
higher than the national average. Rice
is cultivated in all 22 districts of the
state and productivity is higher than
the national average in 20 districts. The
state plays a significant role in rice
supply to the national pool and the
contribution in 2006-07 was 12.6
percent. The state's area of rice
cultivation decreased from 3.6 million
ha in 1995-96 to 3.0 million ha in 2004-
05, which resulted in decrease in
production from 9.216 million tonnes
to 8.953 million tones.
l SRI was introduced in Andhra Pradesh in kharif 2003 in all 22 districts of the state by Acharya
N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU).
l SRI grain number/panicle increase varied from 38-66 per cent, with an overall average increase
of 48 percent when compared with conventional flooding.
l Grain yield advantage with SRI ranged from 21-30 percent, with overall increase of 25 percent.
l Pest and disease incidence was found relatively lower in SRI plots as compared to those that
used the conventional system, especially with reference to stem-borer/leaf-folder/brown planthopper.
l In black soils the performance of both marker and weeder is poor; weeder operation is difficult
in general; operational difficulties occur when it comes to adoption over larger areas; there is
difficulty in preparation of nursery bed and transplantation.
Total geographical area (km2) 275
Total population (million) 76
Total cultivable area (million ha) 13.4
Total paddy area (million ha) 3.98
(2006-07)
Paddy area (%) to total cultivable area 3.98
Major rice season(s) Kharif, Rabi
Total paddy production (million tonnes) 17.8
(2006-07)
State's contribution to national paddy production (%) 12.6
Paddy productivity (t ha-1) 4.48
(2006-07)
All-India rank in productivity 4
Constraints in paddy cultivation Water scarcity,
drought
Frequent drought over the past 10 years has left
the rice farmers in the doldrums. Andhra Pradesh
experienced severe drought in 1999-2000,
characterized by water shor tages, falling
groundwater levels, and increased risk of
contamination of surface water. The drought,
followed by low rainfall (534 mm annual rainfall)
in the southwest and northeast monsoons during
1999 was exacerbated by groundwater extraction.
Agricultural production was seriously reduced in
kharif 1999. Thereafter, the thrust for conjunctive
water-use became the major concern for scientists and farmers.
Depleted water resources, stagnated rice productivity, the growing importance of organic agriculture, increased
production costs and the need for better utilization of family labour among small and marginal farmers,
calls for a shift in cultivation practice. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) offers a way to not just reduce
the demand for water while growing irrigated rice, but also of simultaneously increasing rice production.
SRI was introduced in Andhra Pradesh in kharif 2003 in all 22 districts of the state by Acharya N.G. Ranga
Agricultural University (ANGRAU). Since 2003, ANGRAU has taken several initiatives to promote SRI in Andhra
Pradesh.
l National-level training programme on SRI for Nodal Officers of Department of Agriculture from
various states of the country in July 2004.
l 250 front-line demonstrations of SRI.
l Farmer workshops on SRI.
l Collaborative programmes with ICRISAT-WWF, in promoting SRI and organizing farmers meet.
l A dialogue on SRI with the Hon’ble Chief Minister, politicians, scientists, farmers and media jointly
organized with ICRISAT-WWF in November, 2005.
l With the support of ICRISAT-WWF, ANGRAU has produced 5,000 SRI manuals, 10,000 booklets
(5000 each in English and Telugu), 2,000 copies of farmers experiences, and 100 CDs on SRI
cultivation.
l ANGRAU has also collaborated with
print media and television channels
in popularizing SRI.
l ANGRAU organized the first National
Symposium on SRI jointly with
Directorate of Rice Research (DRRICAR)
and WWF on November 17-18,
2006.
l Conducted state-level three-day
workshop on ‘SRI Implements’ (July 17-
19, 2008) involving 50 farmers and
entrepreneurs.
The state Depar tment of Agriculture has
organized SRI demonstrations since 2003-04
and a thrust has been given since Rabi 2005-
06, by organizing at least one demonstration
in every Gram Panchayat in the state. Under
the National Food Security Mission (NFSM),
1680 SRI demonstrations are targeted for
2008-09 (1272 demonstrations for the kharif
season and 408 demonstrations for the rabi
season) with a financial outlay of Rs.5.0 million
@ Rs.3000/- per demonstration and financial
assistance of Rs. 3000/- for purchase of
conoweeders. Altogether 4,446 one-acre demonstrations will be organized during 2008-09 under Work Plan
(Rice) with a total outlay of Rs.26.7 million in the 11 non-NFSM districts of East Godavari, West Godavari,
Prakasam, Kurnool, Ananthapur, Kadapa, Chittoor, Warangal, Rangareddy, Nizamabad, and Karimnagar.
Performance
Grain yields obtained in farmers’ fields (2003-04) showed very few cases where SRI yields were lesser than
conventional cultivation (Figure).
On-farm demonstrations conducted by ANGRAU, alongside farmers’ practice gave the following positives in
terms of plant growth/yields/incomes.
l SRI performed well with all the existing high-yielding varieties (HYVs).
l Grain number/panicle increase varied from 38-66 per cent, with an overall average increase of 48 per
cent when compared with conventional flooding.
l Grain yield advantage with SRI ranged from 21-30 per cent, with overall increase of 25 per cent.
l SRI practice which involves little use of chemicals in the form of fertilizers/pesticides, was found to cost
less for the farmer, ranging from 6-19 per cent with a pooled average of 11 per cent.
l Gross incomes grew by an average of 28 per cent, narrowly ranging between 27-32 per cent in respect
of SRI. Net income was higher by 65 per cent.
l Cost : benefit ratio increased from 41-60 per cent, with a pooled average of 49 per cent increase over
the conventional system of rice cultivation.
l Pest and disease incidence was found relatively lower in SRI plots as compared to those that used the
conventional system, especially with reference to stem-borer/leaf-folder/brown plant-hopper.
The grain yields recorded in the demonstrations organized by the Department of Agriculture are presented
in the Table 1.
Experiences in Adoption
From the on-field demonstrations conducted by ANGRAU it could be observed that careful transplanting of the
young seedling and wider spacing were adopted in full, instantaneously by all the participants. Planting young
seedling, just 8-12 days old, was also adopted by a majority. However, water-management practices were
adopted only partly by all respondents, i.e. most of the time but not all the time. Only in 2006 kharif did this
improve tremendously. Nearly 60 per cent participants could practice full adoption, implying that SRI is a
Contacts
Table 1: Productivity recorded under SRI demonstrations from 2003-04 to 2007-08
S.No Year Season
No.of
Demos
Grain Yield (kg ha-1)
Increase over
conventional
SRI C o n v e n t i o n a l kg ha-1 %
12003-04 Kharif 69 8358 4887 347141 .5
Rabi 476 7917 5479 2438 31.8
2 2004-05 Kharif 599 7310 55611 749 24
Rabi 311 7310 5777 1533 21
3 2005-06 Kharif 2864 7476 54512025 27
Rabi 12277 7390 5620 1770 24
4 2006-07 Kharif 7653 6724 5005 1719 25.6
Rabi 62016830 5558 1272 18.6
5 2007-08 Kharif 1334 6179 4965 1214 24.45
Rabi 1293 6650 5225 1425 27.2
slow-moving technology worth repeating for years so that beneficiaries continue with the practice gradually
after convincing themselves about the real benefit behind the technology. Nearly one-fifth of the participants
could not adopt the use of FYM/compost. Cono-weeding missed the full adoption rate.
The experience of Department of Agriculture showed that in black soils the performance of both marker
and weeder is poor; weeder operation is difficult in general; operational difficulties occur when it comes to
adoption over larger areas; there is difficulty in preparation of nursery bed and transplantation.
Way Forward
SRI methodologies offer attractive opportunities for farmers in Andhra Pradesh to save water while increasing
their rice output. It is obvious from farmer experiences that SRI has the advantage of cost effectiveness and
increased yield per unit area when compared to conventional paddy cultivation. However, there are some
areas, for example motorizing the conoweeder, training farm labour, developing location-specific SRI packages
and institutional linkages which need to be addressed for up-scaling SRI in the state.
It is for the policy makers to realize that more impetus needs to be given for large-scale adoption of SRI in
the state.
Print@suneetha_92463 95952
ICRISAT-WWF Project
ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh - 502 324
Tel: +91 40 3071 3762
Fax: +91 40 3071 3074 / 75
email : p.reddy@cgiar.org
The Fact Sheet has been prepared by Staff Members of WWF-ICRISAT project with inputs from Partner Organisations and Individuals.
The views expressed in the fact sheet are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the ICRISAT-WWF project and SRI partners
Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University
Director of Extension, Administrative Office,
ANGRAU, Hyderabad – 500 030, Andhra Pradesh.
Ph : +91-40-24015326, Mobile : 9989625231,
email:de_angrau@yahoo.co.in
Directorate of Rice Research
The Project Director,
Directorate of Rice Research
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030
Tel : 40-24015120, 24015036-39, 24013111-112,
email : pdrice@drricar.org
Source for basic data in table and map : Directorate of Rice Development (DRD), Patna; Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture,
Govt. of India; Survey of India (Soil), Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh ranks fourth in terms
of the nation's rice-growing area (3.98
million ha) but second in terms of rice
production (17.8 million tonnes) as of
2007. Paddy production during 1997-
98 to 2006-07 fluctuated from 12.8
million tonnes to 18.7 million tonnes.
Paddy productivity (4.48 t ha-1) is also
higher than the national average. Rice
is cultivated in all 22 districts of the
state and productivity is higher than
the national average in 20 districts. The
state plays a significant role in rice
supply to the national pool and the
contribution in 2006-07 was 12.6
percent. The state's area of rice
cultivation decreased from 3.6 million
ha in 1995-96 to 3.0 million ha in 2004-
05, which resulted in decrease in
production from 9.216 million tonnes
to 8.953 million tones.
l SRI was introduced in Andhra Pradesh in kharif 2003 in all 22 districts of the state by Acharya
N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU).
l SRI grain number/panicle increase varied from 38-66 per cent, with an overall average increase
of 48 percent when compared with conventional flooding.
l Grain yield advantage with SRI ranged from 21-30 percent, with overall increase of 25 percent.
l Pest and disease incidence was found relatively lower in SRI plots as compared to those that
used the conventional system, especially with reference to stem-borer/leaf-folder/brown planthopper.
l In black soils the performance of both marker and weeder is poor; weeder operation is difficult
in general; operational difficulties occur when it comes to adoption over larger areas; there is
difficulty in preparation of nursery bed and transplantation.
Total geographical area (km2) 275
Total population (million) 76
Total cultivable area (million ha) 13.4
Total paddy area (million ha) 3.98
(2006-07)
Paddy area (%) to total cultivable area 3.98
Major rice season(s) Kharif, Rabi
Total paddy production (million tonnes) 17.8
(2006-07)
State's contribution to national paddy production (%) 12.6
Paddy productivity (t ha-1) 4.48
(2006-07)
All-India rank in productivity 4
Constraints in paddy cultivation Water scarcity,
drought
Frequent drought over the past 10 years has left
the rice farmers in the doldrums. Andhra Pradesh
experienced severe drought in 1999-2000,
characterized by water shor tages, falling
groundwater levels, and increased risk of
contamination of surface water. The drought,
followed by low rainfall (534 mm annual rainfall)
in the southwest and northeast monsoons during
1999 was exacerbated by groundwater extraction.
Agricultural production was seriously reduced in
kharif 1999. Thereafter, the thrust for conjunctive
water-use became the major concern for scientists and farmers.
Depleted water resources, stagnated rice productivity, the growing importance of organic agriculture, increased
production costs and the need for better utilization of family labour among small and marginal farmers,
calls for a shift in cultivation practice. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) offers a way to not just reduce
the demand for water while growing irrigated rice, but also of simultaneously increasing rice production.
SRI was introduced in Andhra Pradesh in kharif 2003 in all 22 districts of the state by Acharya N.G. Ranga
Agricultural University (ANGRAU). Since 2003, ANGRAU has taken several initiatives to promote SRI in Andhra
Pradesh.
l National-level training programme on SRI for Nodal Officers of Department of Agriculture from
various states of the country in July 2004.
l 250 front-line demonstrations of SRI.
l Farmer workshops on SRI.
l Collaborative programmes with ICRISAT-WWF, in promoting SRI and organizing farmers meet.
l A dialogue on SRI with the Hon’ble Chief Minister, politicians, scientists, farmers and media jointly
organized with ICRISAT-WWF in November, 2005.
l With the support of ICRISAT-WWF, ANGRAU has produced 5,000 SRI manuals, 10,000 booklets
(5000 each in English and Telugu), 2,000 copies of farmers experiences, and 100 CDs on SRI
cultivation.
l ANGRAU has also collaborated with
print media and television channels
in popularizing SRI.
l ANGRAU organized the first National
Symposium on SRI jointly with
Directorate of Rice Research (DRRICAR)
and WWF on November 17-18,
2006.
l Conducted state-level three-day
workshop on ‘SRI Implements’ (July 17-
19, 2008) involving 50 farmers and
entrepreneurs.
The state Depar tment of Agriculture has
organized SRI demonstrations since 2003-04
and a thrust has been given since Rabi 2005-
06, by organizing at least one demonstration
in every Gram Panchayat in the state. Under
the National Food Security Mission (NFSM),
1680 SRI demonstrations are targeted for
2008-09 (1272 demonstrations for the kharif
season and 408 demonstrations for the rabi
season) with a financial outlay of Rs.5.0 million
@ Rs.3000/- per demonstration and financial
assistance of Rs. 3000/- for purchase of
conoweeders. Altogether 4,446 one-acre demonstrations will be organized during 2008-09 under Work Plan
(Rice) with a total outlay of Rs.26.7 million in the 11 non-NFSM districts of East Godavari, West Godavari,
Prakasam, Kurnool, Ananthapur, Kadapa, Chittoor, Warangal, Rangareddy, Nizamabad, and Karimnagar.
Performance
Grain yields obtained in farmers’ fields (2003-04) showed very few cases where SRI yields were lesser than
conventional cultivation (Figure).
On-farm demonstrations conducted by ANGRAU, alongside farmers’ practice gave the following positives in
terms of plant growth/yields/incomes.
l SRI performed well with all the existing high-yielding varieties (HYVs).
l Grain number/panicle increase varied from 38-66 per cent, with an overall average increase of 48 per
cent when compared with conventional flooding.
l Grain yield advantage with SRI ranged from 21-30 per cent, with overall increase of 25 per cent.
l SRI practice which involves little use of chemicals in the form of fertilizers/pesticides, was found to cost
less for the farmer, ranging from 6-19 per cent with a pooled average of 11 per cent.
l Gross incomes grew by an average of 28 per cent, narrowly ranging between 27-32 per cent in respect
of SRI. Net income was higher by 65 per cent.
l Cost : benefit ratio increased from 41-60 per cent, with a pooled average of 49 per cent increase over
the conventional system of rice cultivation.
l Pest and disease incidence was found relatively lower in SRI plots as compared to those that used the
conventional system, especially with reference to stem-borer/leaf-folder/brown plant-hopper.
The grain yields recorded in the demonstrations organized by the Department of Agriculture are presented
in the Table 1.
Experiences in Adoption
From the on-field demonstrations conducted by ANGRAU it could be observed that careful transplanting of the
young seedling and wider spacing were adopted in full, instantaneously by all the participants. Planting young
seedling, just 8-12 days old, was also adopted by a majority. However, water-management practices were
adopted only partly by all respondents, i.e. most of the time but not all the time. Only in 2006 kharif did this
improve tremendously. Nearly 60 per cent participants could practice full adoption, implying that SRI is a
Contacts
Table 1: Productivity recorded under SRI demonstrations from 2003-04 to 2007-08
S.No Year Season
No.of
Demos
Grain Yield (kg ha-1)
Increase over
conventional
SRI C o n v e n t i o n a l kg ha-1 %
12003-04 Kharif 69 8358 4887 347141 .5
Rabi 476 7917 5479 2438 31.8
2 2004-05 Kharif 599 7310 55611 749 24
Rabi 311 7310 5777 1533 21
3 2005-06 Kharif 2864 7476 54512025 27
Rabi 12277 7390 5620 1770 24
4 2006-07 Kharif 7653 6724 5005 1719 25.6
Rabi 62016830 5558 1272 18.6
5 2007-08 Kharif 1334 6179 4965 1214 24.45
Rabi 1293 6650 5225 1425 27.2
slow-moving technology worth repeating for years so that beneficiaries continue with the practice gradually
after convincing themselves about the real benefit behind the technology. Nearly one-fifth of the participants
could not adopt the use of FYM/compost. Cono-weeding missed the full adoption rate.
The experience of Department of Agriculture showed that in black soils the performance of both marker
and weeder is poor; weeder operation is difficult in general; operational difficulties occur when it comes to
adoption over larger areas; there is difficulty in preparation of nursery bed and transplantation.
Way Forward
SRI methodologies offer attractive opportunities for farmers in Andhra Pradesh to save water while increasing
their rice output. It is obvious from farmer experiences that SRI has the advantage of cost effectiveness and
increased yield per unit area when compared to conventional paddy cultivation. However, there are some
areas, for example motorizing the conoweeder, training farm labour, developing location-specific SRI packages
and institutional linkages which need to be addressed for up-scaling SRI in the state.
It is for the policy makers to realize that more impetus needs to be given for large-scale adoption of SRI in
the state.
Print@suneetha_92463 95952
ICRISAT-WWF Project
ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh - 502 324
Tel: +91 40 3071 3762
Fax: +91 40 3071 3074 / 75
email : p.reddy@cgiar.org
The Fact Sheet has been prepared by Staff Members of WWF-ICRISAT project with inputs from Partner Organisations and Individuals.
The views expressed in the fact sheet are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the ICRISAT-WWF project and SRI partners
Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University
Director of Extension, Administrative Office,
ANGRAU, Hyderabad – 500 030, Andhra Pradesh.
Ph : +91-40-24015326, Mobile : 9989625231,
email:de_angrau@yahoo.co.in
Directorate of Rice Research
The Project Director,
Directorate of Rice Research
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030
Tel : 40-24015120, 24015036-39, 24013111-112,
email : pdrice@drricar.org
Source for basic data in table and map : Directorate of Rice Development (DRD), Patna; Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture,
Govt. of India; Survey of India (Soil), Hyderabad
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